I went digging for it before when breakers came up, but yes, we have a similar trip curve to what you describe. A little bit over will go basically indefinitely. I've measured circuits before that would run over 16 amps basically endlessly (things running a microwave or similar).
Hard to find one for typical breaker, but looks like they can do 2X current for about 8-25secs, 1.5X for up to 90s, and 1.25x for basically forever. So 15A circuit could do 18.8A basically forever, an OF2200 takes 18.3A peak. So thus why folks aren't kicking breakers. Wire house with 20A circuits, and no problems at all.
Typical Breaker I found this one, which is a common breaker here. It's an old curve, I'm not sure if things have changed since 1980, there might be higher temp requirements now, which would shift times down.
They all work to the same curve here. I wouldn't be surprised if the breakers in Europe use the same or very similar curve.